{"id":15261,"date":"2022-12-06T10:50:49","date_gmt":"2022-12-06T16:50:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kevernacular.com\/?p=15261"},"modified":"2022-12-07T10:34:25","modified_gmt":"2022-12-07T16:34:25","slug":"melville-and-mumford-two-great-writers-and-jeremiahs-for-our-times","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kevernacular.com\/?p=15261","title":{"rendered":"Melville and Mumford: Two great writers and Jeremiahs for our times"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Courtesy Princeton University Press<\/em><\/p>\n

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Book Review: Up from the Depths:<\/em> Herman Melville, Lewis Mumford, and Rediscovery in Dark Times<\/em>, by Aaron Sachs, Princeton University Press, 2022<\/strong><\/p>\n

Herman Melville\u2019s fingers gripped tightly on the cold metal bar keeping him from plummeting deep into the sea. His lookout perch, high atop a whaling ship, provided a perspective on the earth\u2019s watery curvature and much more, into fathoms below and upon the earth\u2019s surface, reflected mysteriously in the glistening waves. His first biographer asserted that the \u201cmariner and mystic\u201d (and the literary renegade) in Melville allowed him to perceive so much that few could understand what he strove for in writing his strange, sea-soaked masterpiece Moby-Dick or, The Whale<\/em>, in 1851.<\/p>\n

The book opened arms to embrace all that a horizon-chasing lookout could see, and beyond. Yet, as time passed, along with the era of wind-propelled whaling, people forgot about Melville despite the mighty, fulminous wake he\u2019d left behind. Until, that is, Raymond Weaver\u2019s 1921 biography of the writer and a fresh dawning upon the profundity, the darkest realities, and beauties the former sailor had wrought.<\/p>\n

After a century of more scholarship on Melville than any American writer, Aaron Sachs has found a fresh inlet into his seemingly bottomless depths as an intellectual diver, as a prophet of modern times.<\/p>\n

He has done so by reviving a strikingly comparable figure, who helped project Melville\u2019s genius into the 20th<\/sup> century. Lewis Mumford had a view perhaps as high and far as Melville\u2019s, but not as a ship’s lookout. If anything, Mumford\u2019s perspective was urban, say, from the heights of a skyscraper, even if he loved Nature with a passion. He was an urban planner, literary critic, historian, and a social philosopher. The two writers’ intellectual and spiritual connection blossomed in Mumford\u2019s 1929 biography Herman Melville: A Study of his Life and Vision.<\/em><\/p>\n

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A handsome French edition of Mumford’s biography of Melville. Courtesy librarieforumdulivre.fr<\/em><\/p>\n

As a Melvillian working on a novel about the man, I have read profusely about him, including a good handful of biographies, most of greater length. But to this day, I can\u2019t say I’ve read one more finely and beautifully attuned to the man and the creative artist than Mumford’s.<\/p>\n

In Up from the Depths:<\/em> Herman Melville, Lewis Mumford, and Rediscovery in Dark Times<\/em>, Aaron Sachs places the two writers in high biographical counterpoint, in sunlit radiance that illuminates both and, regarding Melville, can stand alongside the brilliant and vast critical and biographical work of F.O. Matthiessen, D.H. Lawrence, Harold Bloom, Sterling Stuckey, Carolyn Karcher, Laurie Robertson-Lorant, Wynn Kelly, C.L.R. James, Leslie Fiedler, Andrew Delbanco, Newton Arvin, Hershel Parker, Elizabeth Hardwick, Robert Penn Warren, and others.<\/p>\n

Even aside from his prodigious scholarship and insight, Sachs stands upon painfully familiar grounds. So, we are blessed with fresh historical perspective on two writers courageous and gifted enough to enter the vagaries of American societal quicksand and remain aloft, aside from their periodic neglect.<\/p>\n

Sachs alludes to today\u2019s \u201cdark times\u201d when the greatest democracy in history is, as others already have, gravely threatened by an infecting fascist political impulse, that would drag us into the depths of authoritarianism, the opposite of each citizen\u2019s active voice in a diverse society reflecting a global interconnection.<\/p>\n

Melville fashioned a microcosm of the United States in the hearty, colorful crew of The Pequod<\/em>, with the strength in its diversity, yet dared to show how readily they could be swept up in the bloodthirsty madness of eloquently transfixing Captain Ahab, a monomaniac who seized their collective spirit with his demagoguery of a whale, which sent all, save one, to their doom.<\/p>\n

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An 1870 portrait of Herman Melville by Joseph Eaton. Courtesy Towleroad Gay News<\/em><\/p>\n

Whaling was a crucial global industry in mid-19th<\/sup> century, but Melville also deep probed America\u2019s inland by illuminating the social impact of industrialization in the diptych-type short story, “The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids,” from 1855.<\/p>\n

“Melville depicted a luxurious gentleman’s club in London and a Berkshire paper factory in which women did all the coarsest jobs,\u201d Sachs writes. \u201cHere, Melville was not only indicting the sacrifice of American manhood to all industrialism, but also echoing one of the themes he developed in (the autobiographical novel) Redburn<\/em>, about the unconscious dependence of the leisure class on the skilled, competent labor of the scraping-by classes.” 1<\/p>\n

Although Melville too-self-critically considered the book a knockoff job, Redburn<\/em> provides rich ground for Sachs comparative analysis.<\/p>\n

\u201cJust as Mumford would several decades later, Melville reconnoitered here what modern cities he had access to, curious about how they shape people\u2019s lives and how they compared to each other. In many ways, they seemed a lot like ships: sites of everyday trauma, often the result of brutally hierarchical relationships \u2013 but also sites of cosmopolitan fellowship, where eventually the sustain engagement with difference might help people rediscover a sense of commonality.\u201d 2<\/p>\n

Sachs continues, \u201cMelville witnessed the worst kinds of degradation, viciousness, and apathy\u2026 people with different backgrounds and cultures\u2026People of different classes and races would almost always be suspicious of each other. But he also saw, in every major city, the concrete possibilities of the great American experiment. At the Liverpool dock, he imagined what each ship might contribute to the United States. Such a vision, he thought, should be enough, \u2018in the noble breast,\u2019 to \u2018forever extinguish the prejudices of national dislikes. You cannot spill a drop of American blood without spilling the blood of the whole world\u2026Our blood is the blood of the Amazon, made up of a thousand noble currents all pouring into one.\u2019\u201d 3<\/p>\n

Such humane and exalted thought renders Melville historically timeless and gives our nation words to live by, even words to love by, the latter a theme Mumford explored deeply.<\/p>\n

Some people these days deride such utterances as \u201cnationalism.\u201d That is myopic, ungenerous thinking, especially given Melville\u2019s cosmopolitan worldliness. He maintained a belief in a nation that embraces the world and asserts that the nobility of America\u2019s Democratic experiment has a place in every country and in every heart. Shouldn\u2019t there be reason to at least hope for that? Democracy may not always succeed, perhaps by its nature, but is always there for the offing: \u201cof the people, for the people, and by the people.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sachs also does justice to one of Melville’s most underappreciated works, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War<\/em>. The collection of often-beautiful, vivid and tough-minded poems assesses and evokes the Civil War experience, from the starkly indelible moment of John Brown’s hanging in “The Portent,” to a long “you-are-there” shadowing of the guerrilla exploits of a renegade Confederate officer in “The Scout Toward Aldie,” to the sublime reverie over a graveyard of fallen soldiers in “Shiloh.” Another, “Ball’s Bluff,” contrasts a town’s patriotic fervor, for its young men marching off to war, against the cold reality: How should they dream that Death in a rosy clime\/ Would come to thin their shining throng?\/ Youth feels immortal, like the gods sublime.<\/em><\/p>\n

Melville then added a substantial prose “Supplement”<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>which was intended to soften the poems’ “bitterness.” And, despite Melville’s celebration of American democracy elsewhere in his work, the supplement also looks hard at post-war America.<\/span><\/p>\n

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“Again and again, Melville acknowledged that America had never been Great, that the revolution had produced not a promising democratic republic but rather ‘an Anglo-American empire based upon the systematic degradation of man.’
\n“And he emphasized that ‘those of us who always abhorred slavery as an atheistic iniquity, gladly we join the exulting chorus of humanity over its downfall.’ ”<\/p>\n

“The problem was that some exultant Northerners seemed to take their victory as a sign of moral perfection. To Melville, the fight against slavery was a righteous one but it was ‘superior resources and crushing numbers,’ rather than righteousness, that determined the outcome. Indeed, Northerners had been complicit in the slave system from the beginning, both morally and economically.” 4<\/p>\n

“The outcome of the war, Melville realized, had only intensified the scorn and suspicion between whites and Blacks in the South, so if white Northerners were to heap additional scorn and suspicion on white Southerners, the Black Southerners would probably pay the dearest price.”<\/p>\n

Melville wrote: “Abstinence (from racial hypocrisy) is as obligatory as considerate care for our unfortunate fellow-men late in bonds.” 5<\/p>\n

Melville’s unflinching wisdom foreshadows how Reconstruction would fall apart and lead to Jim Crow, lynching, The KKK, and the ongoing degradation of Black Americans, which continues to this day.<\/p>\n

So where do we go from here? As Mumford wrote, and demonstrated through a long, prolific career, only \u201cthe perpetual rediscovery and reinterpretation of history\u201d makes true progress possible; when we are actively \u201crethinking it, reevaluating it, reliving it in the mind,\u201d the past stops controlling us and, in fact, becomes her best tool for \u201cthe creation and selection of new potentialities.\u201d 6<\/p>\n

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Lewis Mumford made the cover of TIME magazine in April of 1938. Courtesy TIME.<\/em><\/p>\n

This recalls one of my favorite quotes of the great 19th<\/sup> century American abolitionist Frederick Douglass: \u201cIf there is no struggle, there is no progress.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2008, Douglass became another major historical figure deeply compared to Melville in: Frederick Douglass & Herman Melville: Essays in Relation<\/em>, edited by Robert S. Levine and Samuel Potter. This worthy comparison traverses themes of \u201cliterary and cultural geographies,\u201d \u201cmanhood and sexuality,\u201d and \u201ccivil wars.\u201d Richly recommended, yet far ranging as that book is, Sachs\u2019 is a more enjoyable overall read, given that one author weaves the two writers’ contrapuntal historical dialog into a single narrative, a reading experience enhanced by Sachs\u2019 fluent, often-lyrical writing skills while mining such profound wellsprings of American literature and thought.<\/p>\n

One feels it a deeply inspired work in daring to contemplate two great writers a century apart from each other.<\/p>\n

One of Mumford\u2019s finest themes draws from Moby-Dick.<\/em> In the 1950s he was writing in the context of the dangers of the atomic bomb, but the broader resonance remains true.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe danger we face today was prophetically interpreted a century ago by Herman Melville\u2026Captain Ahab drives the ship\u2019s crew to destruction in a satanic effort to conquer the white whale. Toward that end, as his mad purpose approaches its climax, Ahab has a sudden moment of illumination and says to himself: \u2018all my means are sane; my motives and object mad. \u2019 In some such terms, one may characterize the irrational application of science and technology today. But we have yet to find our moment of self-confrontation and illumination.\u201d 7<\/p>\n

What could be truer, when we still struggle to face how much human self-indulgence in science and technology overwhelmingly contributes to climate change, and the precipice we teeter upon, risking Earth\u2019s survival as a livable planet?<\/p>\n

Both Melville and Mumford were Jeremiahs in the best sense. Indeed, Sachs ends his book in their righteous spirit, exhorting readers beyond mere contemplation of all that these great writers presented.<\/p>\n

\u201cCan democracy offset the looming trauma of climate change, with its inherent threat to our sense of continuity?\u201d Sachs asks. \u201cOnly, Mumford would say, if it\u2019s a fully inclusive democracy that fosters gratitude and sacrifice, only if democratic participation involves embracing all \u2018the small life-promoting occasions for love,\u2019 as Mumford put it in 1951, after two decades of work on The Renewal of Life.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cWe need to make lifebuoys for each other, whether in the form of international treaties, or social welfare programs, or offers of shelter, or poems for our children. We need to reach across every form of difference: only a less-traumatized, less-divided citizenry will be able to replace carboniferous capitalism.\u201d 8<\/p>\n

Up from the depths, the bloodshot eyes of Melville and Mumford would see no less.<\/p>\n

___________<\/p>\n

1 Aaron Sachs, Up from the Depths: Herman Melville, Lewis Mumford, and Rediscovery in Dark Times, <\/em>Princeton, 2022, 145<\/p>\n

2 Sachs, Up from the Depths, <\/em>147<\/p>\n

3 Sachs, Up from the Depths, <\/em>153<\/p>\n

4 Sachs, Up from the Depths, 24<\/em><\/p>\n

5 Sachs, Up from the Depths, 25<\/em><\/p>\n

6 Sachs, Up from the Depths, 222<\/em><\/p>\n

7 Sachs, Up from the Depths, <\/em>295<\/p>\n

8 Sachs, Up from the Depths,<\/em> 360<\/p>\n

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